We’ve been having a lot of intermittent network problems at home. Periodically, our Internet cuts out. At first I assumed it was our ISP–it’s no longer Adelphia (run by pharmacists), though–but subsequent research indicated that it wasn’t our ISP’s fault: our router was going down.<\/p>\n
My dad set it all up, so I wasn’t too sure how things went. I was pretty confident that we were just using a generic store-bought broadband router, though, so I found it strange that it would be drifting in and out. It turns out that I overlooked something about the router: it’s being held together with duct tape.<\/p>\n
I’d already been intrigued by OpenBSD’s pf<\/a>, so this seemed like a sign! I commissioned an old desktop system, loaded OpenBSD up on it, and went to work configuring it. OpenBSD was just more different from Linux than I expected. It asks you if you want to let OpenBSD use the whole hard drive. I said yes, and thought, “Wow, this is just as easy as Ubuntu!” But it turns out that this was just the first stage. After this, you have to set “disk labels,” which are sort of like partitions but ambiguously different. The syntax is obscure, the purpose is obscure, and so forth. Then I had to configure the network. NICs are named by the drivers they use, so instead of eth0 and eth1 (for Eth<\/em>ernet), I have rl0 (Realtek) and dc0 (who knows).<\/p>\n I was also extremely confused trying to set up routing. Long-term, it was going to be the router, but short-term, it needs to know about our existing router so that it can connect and download the requisite packages.<\/p>\n So I finally<\/em> got it all set up. I also installed MySQL (unnecessarily, it turns out), Apache, and PFW<\/a>, a web-based configuration tool for pf. I ended up not using PFW, because my understanding of pf is so bad that I’m basically relegated to copying-and-pasting rules from websites into the configuration file.<\/p>\n Even using pf is confusing. It’s called pf, but typing “pf” at the command line doesn’t do anything. It turns out that you control it with a tool called “pfctl.” You can do pfctl -e to enable pf, and pfctl -d to disable it.<\/p>\n As I tried to tweak the firewall\/routing rules, I’d periodically “restart” pf by disabling and then re-enabling it. I wasn’t sure if it read the rules “live” or if a restart was needed. It turns out… neither! The rules are stored in memory, but restarting pf doesn’t flush the rules. You need to pass pf some more arguments to tell it to flush the cache and read them anew from its configuration file.<\/p>\n After a few more hours of work, I thought it was all set up. Both NICs were configured, the external one to get an IP over DHCP, and the internal one with a low fixed IP. I had a complex set of rules, doing NAT, filtering traffic, and using HFSC<\/a> for prioritized queueing. (HFSC seems completely<\/em> undocumented, by the way. I took my tips from random websites.) It seemed very impressive: I prioritized ACK<\/a>s so that downloads wouldn’t suffer if our outbound link was saturated. (Aside: it really doesn’t make sense to do queueing on incoming traffic, since the bottleneck is our Internet link, not our 100 Mbps LAN.)\u00a0 I also afforded DNS, ssh, and video game traffic high priorities, but allocated them a lower percentage of traffic. I even figured out the default BitTorrent ports and gave them exceptionally low priority: if our line is fully saturated, the last thing I care about is sharing unnecessary data with other people.<\/p>\n And there are other neat features. It “scrubs” incoming connections, reassembling fragmented packets and just eliminating crap that doesn’t make sense. It catches egregious “spoofing” attempts and discards them.<\/p>\n I hooked up the second LAN connection to test it out, rebooted, and… waited.<\/p>\n It never came up. Well, it did come up. The computer’s running fine. Both network cards show up with the switch. Doing an nmap probe of our LAN, I see one strange entry. It’s actually pretty mysterious: it has no open ports, and attempting to ssh into it just sits there: it doesn’t send a connection refused, but completely ignores the incoming packets, leaving my poor ssh client sitting there waiting for a reply, having no clue what’s going on.<\/p>\n In a nutshell, it seems that I just built a firewall\/router that’s so<\/em> secure that I can only find one of its two cards on the network, and I can’t even try<\/em> to log into it. Let’s see you hack that! Of course, this does have some issues. For example, I can’t use it.<\/p>\n I haven’t lost hope yet: I have a keyboard and monitor so I can log in on the console and try to do some tweaking there. (You can’t firewall off the keyboard.) It’s just not very encouraging to think, “Alright, let’s reboot and make sure it works as flawlessly as I think it will” and then have the darned thing not even show up on the network.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" We’ve been having a lot of intermittent network problems at home. Periodically, our Internet cuts out. At first I assumed it was our ISP–it’s no longer Adelphia (run by pharmacists), though–but subsequent research indicated that it wasn’t our ISP’s fault: … Continue reading